A Travel Price Comparison for Families, Couples, and Backpackers Cardiff vs. Bratislava for Attractions, Nightlife, Food, and Families

Should you visit Cardiff or Bratislava?

Which is cheaper to visit? Which is more expensive for vacation?

Should I visit Cardiff or Bratislava? This is a common question asked by many travelers. By figuring out which city has activities that align with your interests along with knowing which is more affordable, you'll understand where you can get more bang for your buck. So, let's dive into the details and the data, which all comes from actual travelers.

Cardiff

Cardiff is a green, industrial, and up-and-coming city. Since it's a large city, you'll find plenty of things to do. It's a gorgeous place to visit. It's also known for nightlife, shopping, and museums.

Bratislava

Bratislava is a relaxed, historical, and under-rated city. The beauty of this spot is also one of the main reasons why visitors come. With a quaint atmosphere, it also offers a unique feeling. And you can't forget about the shopping, museums, and nightlife.

Cardiff and Bratislava: Pros and Cons

Pros
  • Popular museums and historical sights
  • Active nightlife
  • Family-friendly
  • Good for students
Things to Consider
  • Less popular with couples
  • Public transit not as usable
  • Less walkable
Pros
  • Popular museums and historical sights
  • Active nightlife
  • Scenic old town
  • Family-friendly
  • Good for couples and romance
  • Good for backpackers and budget travelers
  • Good public transit
  • Very walkable
  • Impressive beauty
  • Quaint atmosphere


Is there more to do in Cardiff or Bratislava?

Visitors will generally find more to do in Cardiff than Bratislava. While Bratislava is larger than Cardiff, Cardiff has more sights, attractions, and activities for tourists. Cardiff is very popular for its big city activities, while Bratislava attracts visitors for its museums, food, nightlife, historical sights, impressive beauty, and quaint atmosphere. Cardiff is more touristy than Bratislava and is known for having the most castles per square mile of any city in Europe. It is also well known for The Cardiff Castle. Bratislava is famous for its local beer, charming old town, and scenic mountain setting.

How is Cardiff different from Bratislava?

Which is Better for a Holiday?

Let's take a look at the differences and similarities between Bratislava and Cardiff. Then, you can decide for yourself which place is better for your next trip.

Are the Museums and Historical Sights Better in Cardiff or Bratislava?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a great destination for its museums and landmarks. Also, Cardiff is still popular, but not quite as popular for its historical sights.

Bratislava offers many unique museums, sights, and landmarks that will make for a memorable trip. Despite its small size, the city is packed with interesting sights and attractions. A highlight of a visit is exploring the Bratislava Castle. Other notable sights include Michael's Gate, the Slovak National Theatre, Grassalkovich Palace, and Primate's Palace & Hall of Mirrors.

If you're looking for an educational opportunity, there are a decent number of museums and historical sights around Cardiff. The most notable landmark of the city is the famous and well-preserved Cardiff Castle. Visitors also enjoy seeing the Victorian arcades, museums, and cathedrals around town.


Is the Food Better in Cardiff or Bratislava? Which Destination has the Best Restaurants?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a popular place for its restaurant scene. However, Cardiff is a city with minimal options for its local flavors and cuisine.

Visitors will find a budding food and restaurant scene in Bratislava. Slovakian food is hearty and uses a few staple ingredients like cheese and dumplings. The dishes are warm and filling on a cool day, so it's nice to step into a cozy restaurant and rest after a day of exploring. Popular local dishes include bryndzové halušky (sheep's cheese gnocchi), kapustnica (cabbage soup), and goulash.

Cardiff may not make the list for most foodies, but you'll find what you need while you're in town. Welsh cuisine is known for its stews and hearty vegetable dishes. The national dish is cawl, which is a stew made with lamb and vegetables. Other local favorites include Welsh rarebit, which is a type of cheese toast, and Glamorgan Sausage, which is actually made with vegetables.

Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for Nightlife?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a great destination for nightlife and partying. Also, Cardiff is still popular, but not quite as popular for its evening party scene.

The people in Bratislava know how to have a good time. The city has grown in popularity as a center for nightlife with many people visiting from nearby Vienna. There are a growing number of stag and hen parties around town, but you'll also find sophisticated wine bars and a refined social scene. Many of the city's clubs are found in old town around Michalská, Obchodná and Ventúrska streets as well as Hviezdoslavovo and SNP squares.

If you're looking for night time activities Cardiff has a few options to choose from. The nightlife scene is all about fun and most of the activities are driven by the large and diverse student population.

Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for its Old Town?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a great destination for its old town. However, Cardiff does not have a historic old town.

Many visitors explore the old town while visiting Bratislava. The old town is filled with diverse architecture as well as traditional and upscale restaurants.

Cardiff does not have a historic old town.


Is the Shopping Better in Cardiff or Bratislava?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Shopping is a popular activity in both Bratislava and Cardiff.

Cardiff offers some nice shopping areas. Shopping options include shopping malls and boutique lined streets. There is a nice mix of independent shops and major chains to choose between.

Bratislava has a variety of shopping areas worth visiting. Shopping has come to life here, with three large shopping malls and many shopping streets where you'll find local boutiques. The city has both global brands as well as more traditional shops where you can buy local items. Popular things to purchase while you're in town include traditional clothing, wooden crosses, corn husk dolls, and local alcohol such as slivovica.

Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for Families?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Kids will enjoy a visit to either Cardiff or Bratislava.

You'll find plenty of kid-friendly things to do in Cardiff. The city has a number of climbing and play areas, museums, and playgrounds that can keep the little ones entertained. There are also plenty of outdoor parks and trails to wander around.

Bratislava offers lots of family activities. Kids and adults alike will appreciate the lack of tourist crowds when compared to other European cities, even during school holidays. You can explore the city and enjoy a laid back vibe without the chaos of navigating through tour groups and large crowds. There's also a nice old town as well as gardens, playgrounds, palaces, and the Bratislava Castle.

Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for Couples?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a popular place for its romantic activities. However, Cardiff is a city with minimal options for couples.

Bratislava makes for a fun place to visit for a couple. Couples that enjoy stepping away from tourist crowds will appreciate this relaxed city. There is the beautiful Janko Kráľ Park as well as the Bratislava Castle that you can explore. It's enjoyable to simply walk around the old town and soak up the atmosphere as well. There are also many great restaurants and wine bars where you can enjoy a night out.

Cardiff is not always the best place to visit for a couple. The most romantic experiences involve a night out dining at nice restaurants, enjoying a cocktail at a classy bar, and strolling through neighborhoods and soaking up the atmosphere.


Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for Backpackers and Budget Travelers?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a great destination for backpackers. However, Cardiff is not a backpacker-friendly destination.

Bratislava is a great city to visit for backpackers. The city offers an affordable and unique alternative to some of the larger and well known cities that are nearby. There are a couple of hostels and some affordable hotels that will help you keep your expenses down.

Cardiff is not a backpacker-friendly destination.

Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for Students?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Cardiff is a popular place for students. However, Bratislava is not popular with students.

Cardiff is a good city to visit for students. Most students come to study at Cardiff University, which is a leading university in Great Britain.

Bratislava is not popular with students.

Is Cardiff or Bratislava Better for Public Transit? Which Is Easier to Get Around Without a Car?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a great destination for its public transit. However, Cardiff is a city with minimal options for times when you don't have a car.

The public transit in Bratislava can get you around easily. There are trams, buses, and trolleybuses.

Public transit is mostly limited in Cardiff. There is a bus system that you can use to get around.


Is Cardiff or Bratislava a more walkable city?

Cardiff
Bratislava

Bratislava is a must-visit destination for its high level of walkability. Also, Cardiff is still popular, but not quite as popular for its ease of walking around.

Getting around Bratislava on foot is easy. One of the best ways to experience the city is to walk around. The old town is also a large pedestrian zone.

Cardiff is a somewhat walkable city. There are pedestrianized areas and the waterfront is nice to walk around but there is still room for improvement when it comes to walkability.

For even more information, also check out Is Cardiff Worth Visiting? and Is Bratislava Worth Visiting?.

Should I spend more time in Bratislava or Cardiff?

How long in Cardiff or Bratislava?

Visitors can find plenty of fun things to do in both Cardiff and Bratislava. In our opinion, Bratislava has more to see and do, so we recommend spending more time in Bratislava than Cardiff. However, 1-3 days is a good amount of time to spend in either destination.

Families should spend more time in Bratislava than Cardiff. Because of the many family-friendly attractions and fun things to do for kids in Bratislava, it's a great place to visit with the whole family.

Couples should spend more time in Bratislava than Cardiff. You'll find plenty of romantic sights and fun activities in Bratislava that are perfect for a weekend getaway or a longer couple's trip.

Backpackers and budget travelers should spend more time in Bratislava than Cardiff if your budget allows for it. With a larger number of budget-friendly sights, good nightlife, and active things to do, anyone traveling on a budget would have a good time in Bratislava.


  • How many days in Cardiff or Bratislava? Ideal Length of Stay
    Cardiff 1-3 
    Bratislava 1-3

One day in Cardiff or Bratislava?

With museums and nightlife around the green city of Cardiff, there's plenty to do. Anyone can find something fun to do here. While some people choose to spend more or less time in Cardiff, one day is sufficent for most.

In Bratislava, you'll find nightlife and food. Most visitors spend time around the old town while in the area. This city offers something for everyone. This would be the perfect place to spend one day, as it has just the right amount of activities.

A weekend in Cardiff or Bratislava?

With nightlife and shopping around the destination of Cardiff, there's plenty to do. It offers something for everyone. Many people spend a weekend here. In a weekend, you should have a good grasp of this city.

In Bratislava, you'll find food and shopping. The length of your trip often depends on your style of travel. A weekend here is typical. Visiting the old town is also a must. A weekend is a great amount of time to relax and see the many things that Bratislava has to offer.


Five days in Cardiff or Bratislava?

Cardiff, a popular city, is full of activities for travelers. Most people find that five days is more than enough time to see everything. Your budget might influence how long you stay.

Bratislava is a great place to explore. The old town is one of the main draws for visitors. Five days is more than enough time to enjoy everything. Take some day trips to nearby places to fill the extra days. Anyone can find something fun to do here.

A week in Cardiff or Bratislava?

Cardiff is a popular place that is full of things to see and experience. One week is plenty of time to see everything, even with extra days to spare. It has many unique tourist attractions and fascinating things to do.

It's hard to know how much time to spend in Bratislava. Many people enjoy the museums and nightlife when visiting Bratislava. Exploring the old town is a popular activity. One week may feel like too much time unless you plan to do a lot of relaxing.


For some great organized tour ideas, see Tours for Outdoor and Nature Lovers in United Kingdom, The Best Coach Bus Tours in United Kingdom, The Best One Week (7-Day) Tours in Slovakia, and The Best River Cruises in Slovakia.


Which place is cheaper, Bratislava or Cardiff?

These are the overall average travel costs for the two destinations.

The average daily cost (per person) in Cardiff is £156, while the average daily cost in Bratislava is £104. These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. While every person is different, these costs are an average of past travelers in each destination. What follows is a categorical breakdown of travel costs for Cardiff and Bratislava in more detail.



Accommodation
  • Accommodation Hotel or hostel for one person
    Cardiff £93
    Bratislava £42
  • Accommodation Typical double-occupancy room
    Cardiff £186
    Bratislava £84
Compare Hotels in Cardiff and Bratislava

Looking for a hotel in Cardiff or Bratislava? Prices vary by location, date, season, and the level of luxury. See below for options and compare which is best for your budget and travel style.

Hotels in Cardiff


Hotels in Bratislava


Kayak helps you find the best prices for hotels, flights, and rental cars for destinations around the world. Compare prices for multiple destinations when planning your next trip.


Our Analysis
We've analyzed the average and typical hotel prices based on guest reviews, star ratings, and hotel amenities here: Cardiff Hotel Prices and Bratislava Hotel Prices.

Local Transportation
  • Local Transportation Taxis, local buses, subway, etc.
    Cardiff £21
    Bratislava £22

Hired Cars and Shuttles in Cardiff

Some specific examples of transportation prices in Cardiff:

  • Bristol Airport: Bus Transfer to/from Cardiff: $13
  • Heathrow Airport: Bus Transfer to/from Cardiff: $16
  • Barry Accommodation to Cardiff Airport (CWL) - Departure Private Transfer: $33
  • Cardiff to Cardiff Airport (CWL) - Departure Private Transfer: $38
  • Private Cardiff Departure Transfer - Hotel / Accommodation to Airport: $58
  • Private Cardiff Arrival Transfer- Airport to Hotel / Accommodation : $58
  • Newport Accommodation to Cardiff Airport (CWL) - Departure Private Transfer: $60
  • Cardiff Private Transfer from Cardiff Airport to City centre: $79
  • Arrival Private Transfer from Cardiff Airport CWL to Cardiff by Luxury Vehicle: $95
  • Departure Private Transfer from Cardiff to Cardiff Airport CWL by Luxury Vehicle: $95
  • Private Transfer from Holyhead Port to Manchester Airport (MAN): $102
  • Private Transfer from Mold to Manchester Airport (MAN): $125

Hired Cars and Shuttles in Bratislava

Some specific examples of transportation prices in Bratislava:

  • Bratislava - Budapest Transfer: $199
  • Bratislava Airport (BTS) to Bojnice Resorts - Round Trip Transfer: $131
  • Bratislava Airport BTS to Piestany Round Trip Private Transfer: $94
  • Bratislava Airport to Bojnice Resorts - Arrival Private Transfer: $66
  • Bratislava Airport to Turčianske Teplice Arrival Private Transfer: $66
  • Bratislava-Budapest One-Way Sightseeing Transfer: $295
  • Airport to Hotel Private Transfer Service: $24
  • Private Direct Transfer From Bratislava to Vienna City Center: $87
  • Private Transfer from Bratislava City to Vienna City: $98
  • Private Transfer from Bratislava to Budapest with 2h of Sightseeing: $202
  • Private transfer from Bratislava to Vienna: $263
  • Vienna Airport VIE to Bojnice Resorts Round Trip Private Transfer: $131

Is it cheaper to fly into Cardiff or Bratislava?

Prices for flights to both Bratislava and Cardiff change regularly based on dates and travel demand. We suggest you find the best prices for your next trip on Kayak, because you can compare the cost of flights across multiple airlines for your prefered dates.





Food
  • Food Meals for one day
    Cardiff £44
    Bratislava £39

Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Bratislava

Also, here are some specific examples of food and dining related activities in Bratislava.

  • Local Beer & Food Tour: $142
  • Bratislava Traditional Food Tour: $169

Entertainment
  • Entertainment Entrance tickets, shows, etc.
    Cardiff £25
    Bratislava £26

Tours and Activities in Cardiff

Here are a few actual costs in Cardiff for available activities, ticket prices, and tours:

  • Ghosts of Llandaff Self-Guided Audio Tour: $5.99
  • A Journey through Tudor A Self-Guided Audio Tour: $5.99
  • Cardiff’s Bay and Waterfront: A Self-Guided Audio Tour: $5.99
  • The Ghosts of Llandaff: A Self-Guided Audio Tour: $5.99
  • Self-Guided Audio Tour of Bay and Barrage: $5.99
  • Cardiff's Civic Centre: A Self-Guided Audio Tour: $5.99
  • Essential Caerphilly: Explore the town’s history on a self-guided audio tour: $6.22
  • Uncover Ghostly Chester: In-App Audio Tour of Eerie Tales: $11
  • Uncover Spectral Secrets with the Llandaff Ghosts Audio Tour: $11
  • Cardiff Bay Private Self-Guided Tour: $11
  • Llanberis, Conwy and Caernarfon Castle: A Self-Guided Driving Tour of Snowdonia: $15
  • Cardiff Bay Boat Tour: $15

Tours and Activities in Bratislava

Some specific costs of activities, tours, and entrance tickets for Bratislava are as follows:

  • First Discovery Walk and Reading Walking Tour: $3.21
  • Top experience walking tour with bonus and castle: $4.36
  • Bratislava Old Town In App Audio Tour (ENG): $5.43
  • City & Castle Tour - Introduction to Bratislava: $5.45
  • Historic City Centre Self-guided Tour: $6.31
  • City Exploration Game and Tour on your Phone: $6.41
  • City Exploration Game and Tour: $6.42
  • Bratislava Scavenger Hunt and Best Landmarks Self Guided Tour: $6.56
  • Self-Guided Highlights Scavenger Hunt and Tour: $6.95
  • Gallery Multium Entrance Ticket: $6.95
  • Gallery Multium Entrance Ticket: $7.10
  • The jewels of Bratislava a Self-Guided Audio Tour in English: $7.87

Alcohol
  • Alcohol Drinks for one day
    Cardiff £13
    Bratislava £16

Sample the Local Flavors in Cardiff

Also in Cardiff, these are the prices for nightlife and alcohol related activities from various tour providers:

  • Gin Tour at Hensol Castle Distillery: $32
  • Cardiff Bar Maid-led Pub Crawl for Special Events: $44

Sample the Local Flavors in Bratislava

Some specific costs for nightlife related activities in Bratislava:

  • Quick Wine Tasting in Michalská: $11
  • Quick Wine Tasting in Michalská: $11
  • Wine Tasting with Sommelier in Bratislava: $14
  • Wine Tasting with Sommelier: $15
  • Wine Tasting IN THE DARK!: $16
  • Wine Tasting IN THE DARK!: $21
  • Bratislava 3-Hour Wine Tasting: $104
  • Devin Castle Tour with Currant Wine Tasting: $144
  • Devin Castle Tour with Wine Tasting: $158
  • Bratislava Food and Wine Tour: $180
  • Little Carpathian Wine Tour: $201
  • 6-Hour Carpathian Wine Tour and Tasting: $209


When we compare the travel costs of actual travelers between Cardiff and Bratislava, we can see that Cardiff is more expensive. And not only is Bratislava much less expensive, but it is actually a significantly cheaper destination. So, traveling to Bratislava would let you spend less money overall. Or, you could decide to spend more money in Bratislava and be able to afford a more luxurious travel style by staying in nicer hotels, eating at more expensive restaurants, taking tours, and experiencing more activities. The same level of travel in Cardiff would naturally cost you much more money, so you would probably want to keep your budget a little tighter in Cardiff than you might in Bratislava.

If you're trying to decide if either of these two destinations are within your price range, also see Is Cardiff Expensive? and Is Bratislava Expensive?.


Which is Bigger, Cardiff or Bratislava?

Bratislava has a larger population, and is about 40% larger than the population of Cardiff. When comparing the sizes of Cardiff and Bratislava, keep in mind that a larger population does not always imply the destination has more attractions or better activities. So, always research the type of place that you want to visit along with the activities and attractions that interest you.


When is the best time to visit Cardiff or Bratislava?

Both destinations experience a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. And since both cities are in the northern hemisphere, summer is in July and winter is in January.

Should I visit Cardiff or Bratislava in the Summer?

The summer attracts plenty of travelers to both Cardiff and Bratislava. The summer months attract visitors to Cardiff because of the city activities and the family-friendly experiences. Furthermore, the family-friendly experiences are the main draw to Bratislava this time of year.

In July, Cardiff is generally cooler than Bratislava. Daily temperatures in Cardiff average around 17°C (63°F), and Bratislava fluctuates around 23°C (73°F).

People are often attracted to the plentiful sunshine in Bratislava this time of the year. In Cardiff, it's very sunny this time of the year. Cardiff usually receives less sunshine than Bratislava during summer. Cardiff gets 220 hours of sunny skies, while Bratislava receives 255 hours of full sun in the summer.

In July, Cardiff usually receives around the same amount of rain as Bratislava. Cardiff gets 62 mm (2.4 in) of rain, while Bratislava receives 63 mm (2.5 in) of rain each month for the summer.


  • Summer Average Temperatures July
    Cardiff 17°C (63°F) 
    Bratislava 23°C (73°F)

Should I visit Cardiff or Bratislava in the Autumn?

The autumn brings many poeple to Cardiff as well as Bratislava. The city's sights and attractions, the shopping scene, and the natural beauty of the area are the main draw to Cardiff this time of year. Additionally, many travelers come to Bratislava for the shopping scene and the natural beauty of the area.

Cardiff is cooler than Bratislava in the autumn. The daily temperature in Cardiff averages around 11°C (52°F) in October, and Bratislava fluctuates around 12°C (54°F).

In the autumn, Cardiff often gets less sunshine than Bratislava. Cardiff gets 95 hours of sunny skies this time of year, while Bratislava receives 140 hours of full sun.

Cardiff receives a lot of rain in the autumn. Cardiff usually gets more rain in October than Bratislava. Cardiff gets 101 mm (4 in) of rain, while Bratislava receives 41 mm (1.6 in) of rain this time of the year.


  • Autumn Average Temperatures October
    Cardiff 11°C (52°F) 
    Bratislava 12°C (54°F)

Should I visit Cardiff or Bratislava in the Winter?

Both Bratislava and Cardiff are popular destinations to visit in the winter with plenty of activities. Many travelers come to Cardiff for the museums, the shopping scene, and the cuisine. Also, many visitors come to Bratislava in the winter for the museums, the shopping scene, and the cuisine.

Bratislava can get quite cold in the winter. Be prepared for some very cold days in Cardiff. In the winter, Cardiff is much warmer than Bratislava. Typically, the winter temperatures in Cardiff in January average around 3°C (38°F), and Bratislava averages at about 2°C (36°F).

Cardiff usually receives less sunshine than Bratislava during winter. Cardiff gets 57 hours of sunny skies, while Bratislava receives 65 hours of full sun in the winter.

In January, Cardiff usually receives more rain than Bratislava. Cardiff gets 95 mm (3.7 in) of rain, while Bratislava receives 38 mm (1.5 in) of rain each month for the winter.


  • Winter Average Temperatures January
    Cardiff 3°C (38°F) 
    Bratislava 2°C (36°F)

Should I visit Cardiff or Bratislava in the Spring?

Both Bratislava and Cardiff during the spring are popular places to visit. Many visitors come to Cardiff in the spring for the activities around the city and the natural beauty. Also, most visitors come to Bratislava for the natural beauty during these months.

In April, Cardiff is generally cooler than Bratislava. Daily temperatures in Cardiff average around 9°C (48°F), and Bratislava fluctuates around 13°C (55°F).

In Bratislava, it's very sunny this time of the year. In the spring, Cardiff often gets less sunshine than Bratislava. Cardiff gets 183 hours of sunny skies this time of year, while Bratislava receives 202 hours of full sun.

Cardiff usually gets less rain in April than Bratislava. Cardiff gets 47 mm (1.9 in) of rain, while Bratislava receives 51 mm (2 in) of rain this time of the year.


  • Spring Average Temperatures April
    Cardiff 9°C (48°F) 
    Bratislava 13°C (55°F)

Typical Weather for Bratislava and Cardiff

Cardiff Bratislava
Temp (°C) Rain (mm) Temp (°C) Rain (mm)
Jan 3°C (38°F) 95 mm (3.7 in) 2°C (36°F) 38 mm (1.5 in)
Feb 4°C (40°F) 70 mm (2.7 in) 4°C (38°F) 42 mm (1.7 in)
Mar 6°C (42°F) 80 mm (3.2 in) 8°C (46°F) 41 mm (1.6 in)
Apr 9°C (48°F) 47 mm (1.9 in) 13°C (55°F) 51 mm (2 in)
May 12°C (53°F) 62 mm (2.4 in) 17°C (63°F) 61 mm (2.4 in)
Jun 15°C (59°F) 57 mm (2.3 in) 20°C (69°F) 74 mm (2.9 in)
Jul 17°C (63°F) 62 mm (2.4 in) 23°C (73°F) 63 mm (2.5 in)
Aug 17°C (62°F) 75 mm (3 in) 22°C (72°F) 58 mm (2.3 in)
Sep 14°C (58°F) 95 mm (3.7 in) 18°C (64°F) 45 mm (1.8 in)
Oct 11°C (52°F) 101 mm (4 in) 12°C (54°F) 41 mm (1.6 in)
Nov 7°C (45°F) 97 mm (3.8 in) 7°C (45°F) 50 mm (2 in)
Dec 5°C (40°F) 96 mm (3.8 in) 3°C (37°F) 43 mm (1.7 in)