A Travel Price Comparison for Families, Couples, and Backpackers Cesis vs. Lisbon for Food, Old Town, Backpackers, and Families

Should you visit Cesis or Lisbon?

Which is cheaper to visit? Which is more expensive for vacation?

Trying to figure out where to travel next? This travel comparison between Cesis and Lisbon can help. It includes a travel cost comparison in addition to other factors. For many travelers, the cost of a destination is a primary consideration when choosing where to go.

Cesis

Cesis is a authentic, natural, and traditional town. It offers plenty of small town charm along with sights and activities, too. Cesis offers plenty of beauty for visitors. It's also popular because of the hiking. See Cesis travel costs.

Lisbon

Lisbon is a stunning, picturesque, and colorful city. With plenty of activities and things to do, it's a huge city that draws plenty of visitors. The famous beauty of Lisbon is one of the main draws. And you can't forget about the shopping, museums, and nightlife. See Lisbon travel costs.

Cesis and Lisbon: Pros and Cons

Pros
  • Good for hiking
  • Family-friendly
  • Good for couples and romance
  • Small town charm
Things to Consider
  • Less popular for food
  • Less popular for nightlife
  • Less popular old town
  • Less charming
  • Less popular with backpackers
  • Public transit not as usable
  • Less walkable
Pros
  • Popular museums and historical sights
  • Popular for food and cuisine
  • Active nightlife
  • Good music scene
  • Popular beach
  • Scenic old town
  • Fun shopping
  • Known for its beauty
  • Family-friendly
  • Good for couples and romance
  • Good for backpackers and budget travelers
  • Good for students
  • Good public transit
  • Very walkable
  • Big city activities
  • Impressive beauty


Is there more to do in Cesis or Lisbon?

Tourists will generally find more to do in Lisbon. Although Cesis and Lisbon are both popular with visitors, Lisbon has more sights, activities, and attractions for travelers. Lisbon is more popular for its museums and attractions, food, nightlife, music, beaches, historical sights, shopping, big city activities, and impressive beauty, while Cesis is known for its hiking and small town charm. Lisbon is more touristy than Cesis and is popular for its hilltop vistos, beautiful old town, and lively Fado music. It is also home to Castelo de São Jorge. Cesis is popular for its medieval castle and nearby hikes.

How is Cesis different from Lisbon?

Which is Better for a Holiday?

Let's take a look at the differences and similarities between Lisbon and Cesis. Then, you can decide for yourself which place is better for your next trip.

Are the Museums and Historical Sights Better in Cesis or Lisbon?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its museums and landmarks. However, Cesis does not have museums and landmarks.

The museums, monuments, and landmarks in Lisbon are among the most recognizable in the world. World renowned landmarks include St. George's Castle, Jerónimos monastery, the Belém Tower, Santa Justa Lift, and countless world class museums.

Cesis does not have museums and landmarks.


Is the Food Better in Cesis or Lisbon? Which Destination has the Best Restaurants?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its restaurant scene. However, Cesis is not particularly known for its local flavors and cuisine.

Many restaurants in Lisbon have been singled out for their culinary prowess. There are many local restaurants as well as food tours and cooking classes that you can enjoy. Make sure you try the local favorites like bacalhau à brás, frango no churrasco, and pastel de nata. Given the beautiful climate, outdoor seating is also popular. Head into the less touristy neighborhoods to try some local dishes or hit up a seafood market. There are also many cafes that offer great breakfasts with fresh ingredients.

Cesis may not make the list for most foodies, but you'll find what you need while you're in town. The town is small so there are a limited number of restaurants to choose from. You'll find some nice cafes and bakeries though where you can enjoy local foods and traditional Latvian dishes.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Nightlife?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for nightlife and partying. However, Cesis is not particularly known for its evening party scene.

Lisbon is a destination that you simply have to visit at least once for nightlife. It is a bustling city with a lot of energy late into the night. There are countless bars, clubs, and music venues that cater to every personality type and style. Whether you want a more relaxed vibe or a raging party, there is likely an place for you.

The nightlife scene is quiet in Cesis The town is small and many travelers visit as a day trip from Riga, so you'll find limited nightlife options around town.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Music?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its live music scene. However, Cesis is not a live music destination.

Live music, and music in many other forms, is everyone in Lisbon The local folk music, fado, is popular here, but there are also venues that host almost any other style of music as well. You'll also find several fado museums around town.

Cesis is not a live music destination.


Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Beaches?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is a city with good options for the beach. However, Cesis is not a beach destination.

Plenty of visitors enjoy relaxing on the beach in Lisbon. The beaches are often overlooked by visitors, but the coastline near the city is lined with beautiful sandy beaches that are arguably among the best in the area. If you want to get away from city life, head for the water.

Cesis is not a beach destination.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for its Old Town?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its old town. However, Cesis is not particularly known for its historic old town charm.

The old town of Lisbon is one of the most recognized in the world. The city is famous for the Alfama area, which is where you find the traditional buildings, cobblestoned streets, wandering alleyways, and steep hills. Make sure you take in the stunning view from various parts of town.

The old town area in Cesis is worth visiting. The old town is small but charming and authentic. There are a few unique sites that are worth visiting as well.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Hiking?

Cesis
Lisbon

Cesis is a popular place for its hiking trails. However, Lisbon is not a hiking destination.

Cesis is a good destination for hiking. The town makes the perfect base for exploring the surrounding Gauja National Park, which has many hiking and cycling trails. Two of the most well known hikes are the Baltic Forest Trail and the Camino Latvia, both or which pass through town. There are also shorter day hikes to choose from as well.

Lisbon is not a hiking destination.


Is the Shopping Better in Cesis or Lisbon?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its shopping opportunities. However, Cesis is not a noteworthy shopping destination.

The abundance of shops in Lisbon make it a world-class shopping destination. For high end shopping, head to The Avenida da Liberdade. It's lined with designer brands and luxury boutiques.

Cesis is not a noteworthy shopping destination.

Is Cesis or Lisbon More Beautiful?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its scenery and beauty. Also, Cesis is still popular, but not quite as popular for its scenery and beauty.

The famous beauty of Lisbon is one of the main draws. With its bright colors and dramatic hills, many people consider it to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. There are many spectacular viewpoints that look out over the city.

Cesis offers plenty of beauty for visitors. Head outside of town to experience the hiking trails and natural beauty. The park is best explored during the summer months.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Families?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is well known for its family-friendly activities. Also, Cesis is still popular, but not quite as popular for its kid-friendly activities.

Lisbon is a very kid-friendly city. Popular family-friendly activities include exploring Castelo Sao Jorge, visiting the aquarium, hanging out on the beach, and of course, taking the funiculars. Kids of all ages will appreciate the intricate maze of streets and lively atmosphere that this city offers. There's also the famous Livraria Lello & Irmão, which is a beautiful bookshop that is said to be an inspiration for Harry Potter. Don't expect to simply walk in, as there is often a long line to enter.

Cesis offers lots of family activities. The Cēsis Medieval Castle has a unique interactive set of tasks and games that the whole family can enjoy. Other fun family-friendly activities around town include adventure parks such as Supervāvere, the camel park of Rakši, and a farmhouse bakery where kids can learn about traditional baking and breadmaking.


Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Couples?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is well known for its romantic activities. Also, Cesis is still popular, but not quite as popular for couples.

Couples visit Lisbon frequently as it offers plenty of romantic activities. With it's colorful buildings and dramatic hills, this city offers a truly romantic setting for couples. There are many romantic viewpoints as well as world class restaurants that couples will enjoy.

Cesis is a good town for couples to visit. There are a number of outdoor activities that adventurous couples can enjoy. The medieval castle is also a unique place to explore.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Backpackers and Budget Travelers?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for backpackers. Also, Cesis is still popular, but not quite as popular for backpackers and budget travelers.

Backpackers and budget travelers come from all over the world to visit Lisbon. Hostels are abundant, and you'll have no trouble finding other backpackers to hang out with. Many hostels even organize activities and group meals for travelers. Prices are also reasonable for a large and vibrant city.

Plenty of backpackers visit Cesis. Many people visit town as a day trip from Riga, so there are a limited number of hotels and hostels to choose from. If you want to enjoy hiking and the area's natural beauty, it is recommend that you spend more time here.

Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Students?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is well known for students. However, Cesis is not popular with students.

Students come from all over to stay in Lisbon. It's a lively city with a lot to see and do for international students.

Cesis is not popular with students.


Is Cesis or Lisbon Better for Public Transit? Which Is Easier to Get Around Without a Car?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its public transit. However, Cesis is not particularly known for times when you don't have a car.

Lisbon has a great public transit system. The metro has four lines that go around the city. There are also trams, buses, and the funiculars.

Public transit is quite limited in Cesis. There are some bus options, but to thoroughly explore the surrounding area you'll really need access to a car.

Is Cesis or Lisbon a more walkable city?

Cesis
Lisbon

Lisbon is renowned for its high level of walkability. Also, Cesis is still popular, but not quite as popular for its ease of walking around.

Getting around Lisbon on foot is easy. There are many walkable areas that aren't too hilly like Baixa, a stretch along the Tagus River, and Belém.

Cesis is a somewhat walkable town. It's fun to explore old town on foot but many places in the surrounding countryside require a car to access.

For even more information, also check out Is Cesis Worth Visiting? and Is Lisbon Worth Visiting?.

Should I spend more time in Lisbon or Cesis?

How long in Cesis or Lisbon?

Both Cesis and Lisbon have a number of activities to choose from. With generally more activities and things to do, visitors tend to spend more time in Lisbon than in Cesis. Usually, 1-2 days is a good amount of time for Cesis, and 3-7 days is enough time in Lisbon.

Families should spend more time in Lisbon than Cesis. Because of the many family-friendly attractions and fun things to do for kids in Lisbon, it's a great place to visit with the whole family.

Couples should spend more time in Lisbon than Cesis. You'll find plenty of romantic sights and fun activities in Lisbon that are perfect for a weekend getaway or a longer couple's trip.

Backpackers and budget travelers should spend more time in Lisbon than Cesis if your budget allows for it. With a larger number of budget-friendly sights, good nightlife, and active things to do, anyone traveling on a budget would have a good time in Lisbon.


  • How many days in Cesis or Lisbon? Ideal Length of Stay
    Cesis 1-2 
    Lisbon 3-7

One day in Cesis or Lisbon?

Cesis might be a small town, but there's plenty to do in the area. One day is often enough time to do most activities.

Each neighborhood in Lisbon has its own distinct appeal, so there are pleny of areas to explore. Make sure you visit the old town while you're here. This city offers a variety of activities to choose from. Since there is so much to do in the area, one day is probably not enough for all of it.


A weekend in Cesis or Lisbon?

Cesis is a great place to explore. It is common to spend a weekend here. With all of its activities, you can easily fill a weekend here. Your budget might influence how long you stay.

It's hard to know how much time to spend in Lisbon. Most visitors spend time around the old town while in the area. A weekend is usually not enough time for a trip here as there is plenty to do. The length of your ideal trip is an individual decision.

Five days in Cesis or Lisbon?

It's hard to know how much time to spend in Cesis. Five days may feel like too much time unless you plan to do a lot of relaxing. It has many unique tourist attractions and fascinating things to do.

Lisbon is a fun place to experience. Each neighborhood in Lisbon has its own distinct appeal, so there are pleny of areas to explore. Visiting the old town is also a must. This would be the perfect place to spend five days, as it has just the right amount of activities.

A week in Cesis or Lisbon?

Cesis is a small town, so it's a great destination if you're short on time. This town offers a variety of activities to choose from. Most people find that one week is more than enough time to see everything.

Each neighborhood in Lisbon has its own distinct appeal, so there are pleny of areas to explore. Plenty of people spend one week in the area when traveling. The old town is one of the main draws for visitors. Take your pick from the many activities offered here. One week is often enough time to do most activities.


For some great organized tour ideas, see The Best One Week (7-Day) Tours in Portugal, and The Best 2-Week Tours in Portugal.


Which place is cheaper, Lisbon or Cesis?

These are the overall average travel costs for the two destinations. These travel costs come from the actual spending of real travelers.

The average daily cost (per person) in Cesis is €138, while the average daily cost in Lisbon is €167. These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. While every person is different, these costs are an average of past travelers in each destination. What follows is a categorical breakdown of travel costs for Cesis and Lisbon in more detail.



Accommodation
  • Accommodation Hotel or hostel for one person
    Cesis €47
    Lisbon €63
  • Accommodation Typical double-occupancy room
    Cesis €94
    Lisbon €126
Compare Hotels in Cesis and Lisbon

Looking for a hotel in Cesis or Lisbon? Prices vary by location, date, season, and the level of luxury. See below for options and compare which is best for your budget and travel style.

Hotels in Cesis


Hotels in Lisbon


Kayak helps you find the best prices for hotels, flights, and rental cars for destinations around the world. Compare prices for multiple destinations when planning your next trip.


Our Analysis
We've analyzed the average and typical hotel prices based on guest reviews, star ratings, and hotel amenities here: Cesis Hotel Prices and Lisbon Hotel Prices.

Local Transportation
  • Local Transportation Taxis, local buses, subway, etc.
    Cesis €30
    Lisbon €25

Typical Local Transportation Prices in Lisbon

Here are some examples of typical transportation prices from actual travelers in Lisbon:


  • Taxi Ride
    €6.50

Hired Cars and Shuttles in Lisbon

Also for Lisbon, here are a few examples of actual transportation services:

  • Airport Private Transfer to Costa da Caparica | Almada | Aroeira: $49
  • Airport Transfer Service in Lisbon: $172
  • Airport Transfer | Cruise Port - Estoril | Cascais | Sintra: $86
  • Airport Transfer: Lisbon to Lisbon Airport LIS by Business Car: $70
  • Arrival Transfer by Sedan from Lisbon Airport LIS to Lisbon City: $46
  • Arrival Transfer: Lisbon Airport LIS to Lisbon in Business Car: $68
  • Costa da Caparica Private Transfer to/from Lisbon: $34
  • From Lisbon to Porto Luxury Transfer stops Óbidos,Coimbra,Aveiro: $161
  • Horse Riding on the Beach with private transfer from Lisbon: $277
  • Jardim do Tabaco Quay Cruise Port to Lisbon - Arrival Private Transfer: $24
  • Lisbon ↔ Porto - Transfer with Stops: Óbidos, Nazaré, Aveiro: $183
  • Lisbon - Coimbra, Private Transfer & up to 3 Cities visits: $640

Is it cheaper to fly into Cesis or Lisbon?

Prices for flights to both Lisbon and Cesis change regularly based on dates and travel demand. We suggest you find the best prices for your next trip on Kayak, because you can compare the cost of flights across multiple airlines for your prefered dates.





Food
  • Food Meals for one day
    Cesis €71
    Lisbon €73
Typical Food Prices in Cesis

Below are a few samples from actual travelers for food and meal costs in Cesis:


  • Lunch in town for two
    €6.67

Typical Food Prices in Lisbon

For Lisbon, here are some examples of average food and meal prices for travelers:


  • Coffee
    €2.50

Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Lisbon

For Lisbon, here are some samples of tours and activities related to meals and dining experiences:

  • Lisbon Luxury Cozy Cruise with Drinks & Pizza: $30
  • Lisbon Pizza & Sangria Escape on a Cozy Boat Cruise: $34
  • Lisbon Night Party Cruise with DJ, Pizza & Drinks: $46
  • Pastel de Nata Cooking Class in Lisbon: $57
  • Lisbon Fado Experience: Walking Tour, Dinner and Live Music Show: $63
  • Dinner with Rising Stars of Fado at Canto do Poeta: $63
  • Castle Skip-the-Line & Old Town (add-on Fado Dinner): $68
  • Mesa de Frades Dinner in Lisbon Fado Show Portuguese Live Music: $69
  • Award-Winning Guided Walking Food Tour with Local Drinks: $71
  • Discover Fado with Concert and Dinner included: $74
  • Lisbon Dinner Cruise with Fado Show on the Tagus River: $79
  • Lisbon Dinner Cruise with Live Jazz on the Tagus River: $79

Entertainment
  • Entertainment Entrance tickets, shows, etc.
    Cesis €16
    Lisbon €24

Tours and Activities in Lisbon

For Lisbon, here are a few prices for actual activities, tours, and tickets provided by various companies:

  • Alfama and Mouraria Tour - The oldest neighbourhoods in Lisbon: $1.18
  • Lisbon Alfama Morning Walking Tour: Old Town & Viewpoints: $1.19
  • Belém Morning Walking Tour: Discoveries, Gold & Pastéis: $1.19
  • Alfama Tour in Lisbon Old Town: $3.42
  • Lisbon Walking Tour: $3.42
  • Age of Discoveries Walking Tour in Belém: $3.42
  • The Moorish Beyond the Tourist Trail Quarter Free Walking Tour: $3.42
  • Lisbon Walking Tour - Discover Belém and the Discoveries Age: $3.42
  • Historical Walking Tour of Lisbon: $3.43
  • Lisbon Alfama Self-Guided City Walking Tour & Scavenger Hunt: $3.43
  • Lisbon Walking Tour: Baixa, Chiado & the 1755 Earthquake: $3.43
  • Chiado Baixa Self-Guided City Walking Tour & Scavenger Hunt: $4.23

Alcohol
  • Alcohol Drinks for one day
    Cesis €17
    Lisbon €18

Sample the Local Flavors in Lisbon

Here are a few nightlife and alcohol tours and activities from local tour providers in Lisbon:

  • Lisbon Port Wine Tasting at Taylors Shop and Tasting Room: $19
  • Lisbon Pub Crawl: $23
  • Lisbon Wild Pub Crawl: $23
  • Halloween Haunts: Lisbon Pub Crawl Experience: $23
  • Lisbon Pub Crawl: $23
  • Port Wine Tasting Apéritif/Digestif at Portuguese Wine Bar: $27
  • Port Wine Tasting Experience in Lisbon: $29
  • Portuguese Wine Tasting Experience in Lisbon: $43
  • Wine Tasting with the best view in Lisbon: $51
  • From Family Winery Tour, Historic Cellars & Wine Tasting: $74
  • Wine Tasting with Cheeses Charcutaria and Bread Table: $74
  • Portuguese Wine Tasting and Food Pairing: $74


When we compare the travel costs of actual travelers between Cesis and Lisbon, we can see that Lisbon is more expensive. And not only is Cesis much less expensive, but it is actually a significantly cheaper destination. So, traveling to Cesis would let you spend less money overall. Or, you could decide to spend more money in Cesis and be able to afford a more luxurious travel style by staying in nicer hotels, eating at more expensive restaurants, taking tours, and experiencing more activities. The same level of travel in Lisbon would naturally cost you much more money, so you would probably want to keep your budget a little tighter in Lisbon than you might in Cesis.

If you're trying to decide if either of these two destinations are within your price range, also see Is Cesis Expensive? and Is Lisbon Expensive?.


Which is Bigger, Cesis or Lisbon?

Lisbon has a larger population, and is about 30 times larger than the population of Cesis. When comparing the sizes of Cesis and Lisbon, keep in mind that a larger population does not always imply the destination has more attractions or better activities. So, always research the type of place that you want to visit along with the activities and attractions that interest you.


When is the best time to visit Cesis or Lisbon?

Both places have a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. As both cities are in the northern hemisphere, summer is in July and winter is in January.

Should I visit Cesis or Lisbon in the Summer?

The summer brings many poeple to Cesis as well as Lisbon. Many travelers come to Cesis for the hiking, the small town charm, and the family-friendly experiences. Additionally, many visitors come to Lisbon in the summer for the beaches, the city activities, the music scene, and the family-friendly experiences.

In the summer, Cesis is cooler than Lisbon. Typically, the summer temperatures in Cesis in July average around 17°C (63°F), and Lisbon averages at about 23°C (73°F).

Cesis usually gets more rain in July than Lisbon. Cesis gets 79 mm (3.1 in) of rain, while Lisbon receives 5 mm (0.2 in) of rain this time of the year.


  • Summer Average Temperatures July
    Cesis 17°C (63°F) 
    Lisbon 23°C (73°F)

Should I visit Cesis or Lisbon in the Autumn?

Both Lisbon and Cesis are popular destinations to visit in the autumn with plenty of activities. Many visitors come to Cesis in the autumn for the hiking trails, the small town atmosphere, and the natural beauty of the area. Also, most visitors come to Lisbon for the city's sights and attractions, the shopping scene, the music scene, and the natural beauty of the area during these months.

In October, Cesis is generally much colder than Lisbon. Daily temperatures in Cesis average around 7°C (45°F), and Lisbon fluctuates around 19°C (66°F).

In October, Cesis usually receives less rain than Lisbon. Cesis gets 60 mm (2.4 in) of rain, while Lisbon receives 80 mm (3.1 in) of rain each month for the autumn.


  • Autumn Average Temperatures October
    Cesis 7°C (45°F) 
    Lisbon 19°C (66°F)

Should I visit Cesis or Lisbon in the Winter?

Both Lisbon and Cesis during the winter are popular places to visit. Most visitors come to Cesis for the cuisine during these months. Also, the winter months attract visitors to Lisbon because of the museums, the shopping scene, and the cuisine.

Cesis can be very cold during winter. Cesis is much colder than Lisbon in the winter. The daily temperature in Cesis averages around -5°C (23°F) in January, and Lisbon fluctuates around 12°C (53°F).

Lisbon gets a good bit of rain this time of year. Cesis usually gets less rain in January than Lisbon. Cesis gets 33 mm (1.3 in) of rain, while Lisbon receives 110 mm (4.3 in) of rain this time of the year.


  • Winter Average Temperatures January
    Cesis -5°C (23°F) 
    Lisbon 12°C (53°F)

Should I visit Cesis or Lisbon in the Spring?

The spring attracts plenty of travelers to both Cesis and Lisbon. The spring months attract visitors to Cesis because of the small town charm and the natural beauty. Also, the beaches, the activities around the city, and the natural beauty are the main draw to Lisbon this time of year.

In the spring, Cesis is much colder than Lisbon. Typically, the spring temperatures in Cesis in April average around 5°C (42°F), and Lisbon averages at about 16°C (60°F).

In April, Cesis usually receives less rain than Lisbon. Cesis gets 39 mm (1.5 in) of rain, while Lisbon receives 64 mm (2.5 in) of rain each month for the spring.


  • Spring Average Temperatures April
    Cesis 5°C (42°F) 
    Lisbon 16°C (60°F)

Typical Weather for Lisbon and Cesis

Cesis Lisbon
Temp (°C) Rain (mm) Temp (°C) Rain (mm)
Jan -5°C (23°F) 33 mm (1.3 in) 12°C (53°F) 110 mm (4.3 in)
Feb -4°C (24°F) 25 mm (1 in) 13°C (55°F) 111 mm (4.4 in)
Mar -0°C (31°F) 31 mm (1.2 in) 14°C (58°F) 69 mm (2.7 in)
Apr 5°C (42°F) 39 mm (1.5 in) 16°C (60°F) 64 mm (2.5 in)
May 12°C (53°F) 43 mm (1.7 in) 18°C (64°F) 39 mm (1.5 in)
Jun 15°C (60°F) 61 mm (2.4 in) 21°C (69°F) 21 mm (0.8 in)
Jul 17°C (63°F) 79 mm (3.1 in) 23°C (73°F) 5 mm (0.2 in)
Aug 16°C (62°F) 79 mm (3.1 in) 23°C (74°F) 6 mm (0.2 in)
Sep 12°C (54°F) 76 mm (3 in) 22°C (72°F) 26 mm (1 in)
Oct 7°C (45°F) 60 mm (2.4 in) 19°C (66°F) 80 mm (3.1 in)
Nov 2°C (36°F) 61 mm (2.4 in) 15°C (59°F) 114 mm (4.5 in)
Dec -2°C (28°F) 49 mm (1.9 in) 12°C (54°F) 108 mm (4.3 in)